Few insects habitually appear in adult form during the winter months, but members of the family Trichoceridae, better known as "winter crane flies," are among them. I found a few attracted to the porch light at my late mother's apartment in Portland, Oregon the evening of December 10, 2014.
Distinguishing winter crane flies from other crane flies is not easy, because the characters needed to tell them apart are not readily visible in the field, or even in images. They are relatively small, averaging 6 millimeters in body length. Winter crane flies have three "simple eyes," called ocelli, which other crane flies lack. The ocelli are on the crown of the head between the compound eyes. The wing venation helps to separate trichocerids from other families of crane flies, too; and even helps identify the three North American genera.
Males can be seen flying in swarms on sunny days, but these flies seem to be associated mostly with dark, sheltered situations like the mouths of caves and mine shafts, hollow trees, and cellars. This might reflect the larval affinity for decaying organic matter.
Winter crane fly maggots have been found in decomposing leaves and vegetables, as well as in fungi, manure, decaying tubers in root cellars, and in rodent burrows where they probably scavenge on feces.
Most North American trichocerids are in the genus Trichocera, which accounts for 27 species. There is one species each in the genera Paracladura (western North America) and Diazosma (transcontinental).
Since these flies are of no economic importance, we don't know as much about them as we do other insects. Still, I find it delightful that I can find a flying insect in the dead of winter. It is a testament to the durability and diversity of insect life no matter the weather or the environment.
Sources: Clark, Patterson. 2011. 'Snow Swarms: Winter Crane Flies," The Washington Post.
Eisele, Tim. 2013. "Winter Crane Flies," The Backyard Arthropod Project
Fetzner, James W., Jr. 2007. "Trichoceridae," The Crane Flies of Pennsylvania. Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
Leckie, Seabrooke. 2010. "Tay Meadows Tidbit - Winter Crane Fly."
McAlpine, J.F., et al. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol.1. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada. Monograph No. 27. 674 pp.
I have a question. I live in Iowa. It's WINTER and I somehow have a whole batch of crane flies but not the winter type. The ones commonly found in Iowa. I brought in a number of plants to over-winter in the house, like I have for the last 20+ years, but NEVER before have I had crane flies in the house in the middle of winter. I assume I had or have crane fly larvae in one of my plants? Do I need to worry about them doing damage to my plants' roots? I can't figure out why this year, of all years, I have them!
ReplyDeleteI honestly can't answer your questions, though your conclusions would appear correct. You'd have to take specimens to a crane fly expert. There are literally hundreds of species. Also, the Crane Flies of Pennsylvania website mentioned under "Sources" might be of help, too.
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